5.2.1.3 Substrate Flexibility

In general, many adhesives will have properties relating to flexibility listed in the technical literature, such as TDS or material specification sheets. The flexibility of cured adhesives will usually be characterised by Young’s modulus (also referred to as the elastic modulus), elongation before break and Poisson’s ratio. In general, there is a trade-off between shear strength performance and elongation, as seen in Figure 127. Engineers must be aware of this relationship when they match the flexibility of the adhesive to the requirements of the surfaces being assembled. Just like solid materials, cured adhesives have flexibility and strength properties that vary by polymer chemistry. Generalised expected properties by chemistry are shown in Figure 127. In many cases, matching the flexibility of the adhesive to the substrate (Figure 128) is ideal. In other cases, a high-strength, rigid bond is required to provide the best structural integrity.

Figure 127 Flexibility of adhesives
Figure 128 Strength vs elongation for solid materials

All solid materials will also exhibit many of the same properties as cured adhesive. The flexibility specification of many common materials is available in online databases or is readily available from manufacturers. In most cases, adhesives are more flexible, with a much lower Young’s modulus, than the materials to which they are bonded. However, adhesives are sometimes used to stiffen thin, flexible substrates in conjunction with a solid composite ‘honeycomb’.

Figure 129 An example of where an adhesive may be used to construct a material and improve the strength of a thin composite, to produce a better strength-to-weight ratio

Depending on the expected static or dynamic loads to which an assembly might be subjected, it may be necessary to use a more flexible adhesive to accommodate microscopic displacements of surfaces, which may lead to cracks/failure in more brittle substrates. A common misconception is that a higher frequency or magnitude of dynamic loads should be addressed by selecting adhesives with higher shear strengths, when, in many instances, high magnitude or frequency dynamic loads are more suited to flexible adhesives. This phenomenon is due to the ability of a flexible adhesive to absorb and flex with dynamic loads, whereas higher strength adhesives will not flex, which may lead to substrate or joint fatigue over time. On the one hand, assemblies with high vibration may need a more flexible adhesive to absorb energy without failing. On the other hand, a high-strength product would provide a higher adhesive strength but would not have the ability to absorb energy or accommodate movements and may become fatigued or cause unnecessary stress in the substrate. The flexibility of the adhesive, and its ability to absorb energy, is particularly important when engineering joints with materials that may become work-hardened, such as aluminium.

Table of contents

+33,000
professionals

have already
signed up

Award winning manual

Platinum Award for LOCTITE®X Digital Manual

The Digital Manual is for professionals by professionals

The manual is made entirely for you. However, if you’re still not convinced that free industry knowledge is for you, take a look at these user testimonials from the users of the manual.

"The topics are such that I can help take design related decisions very well at work. It's an interesting and knowledgeable read, I recommended my other colleagues to have a look at the manual as well."

Hanumant, Production Incharge

"The manual's chapters significantly enhanced my comprehension of various engineering topics. The manual adeptly presents explanations and examples of concepts, showcasing a high level of clarity and effectiveness in its content."

Tejas, Mechanical Engineer from a renowned Engineering College

"The release of this manual by a renowned brand such as Loctite has proven to be highly motivating for students. Its authentic content serves as a source of inspiration, encouraging students to engage actively in reading and learning."

Padmakar Deshmukh, Professor at an Engineering College